In memory of the founder of VPA

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk (1947–2022): the man who taught us to measure personality

Numbers in the text link to the sources: hover over or tap a number to see the source.

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk, 2009. Photo: Mankepe41, CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons

In memory of the founder of the All-Ukrainian Psychodiagnostic Association

Ukrainian psychologists know Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk first of all from his books. For decades the “Dictionary of Psychodiagnostics” and the textbook “Psychodiagnostics” have stood on the shelves of students, lecturers and practitioners in Ukraine and beyond. Yet behind these books lies more than half a century of work. He was one of the first in the USSR to study personality with the Rorschach method. At Kyiv University he founded the Department of Psychodiagnostics and Medical Psychology, where the training of clinical psychologists according to European curricula began. He served as dean of the Faculty of Psychology. Under his supervision well-known personality questionnaires were adapted and validated in Ukrainian. And in 2013, when most of his contemporaries were taking stock of their lives, he founded the All-Ukrainian Psychodiagnostic Association, so that psychologists in Ukraine would work with high-quality, licensed and honestly validated tests 1219. He later became the first President of the National Psychological Association of Ukraine (2017–2020), an umbrella organization that brought professional communities together; today it is the country's largest psychological association and represents Ukraine in the European Federation of Psychologists' Associations (EFPA) 15.

We have written this text for those who remember Leonid Fokovych, and even more for those who know only his surname on a book cover. Many details of his professional life have already been forgotten, so we have gathered everything we could verify in documents, publications and archives. What remains unconfirmed is set apart and marked as such.

Leningrad and Kyiv: student years

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk was born on 1 January 1947 in Leningrad (now St Petersburg) 19. His father, Foka Fedorovych Burlachuk (1914–1997), was a career officer and a writer. He went through the Second World War, served in the army for more than thirty years and rose to the rank of major general; as a prose writer he published a number of historical novellas and novels based on archival documents, among them “A Lieutenant of the Chernigov Regiment”, “The Stainless Blade” and “Vladimir Raevsky”. From 1982 he was a member of the Writers' Union of Ukraine, and in 1997 he received the Volodymyr Korolenko Prize 30. Foka Fedorovych was also one of the initiators of the People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh): in October 1988, at an environmental seminar at the Writers' Union of Ukraine, he was the first to propose creating a Popular Front of Ukraine on the model of the Baltic republics. This proposal marked the beginning of the “People's Movement of Ukraine for Perestroika”, whose founding congress took place in September 1989 34. His mother was Tetiana Oleksandrivna Burlachuk. His younger brother, Viktor Fokovych Burlachuk, became a philosopher and sociologist: a Doctor of Sociology, a leading researcher at the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and the author of works on symbol and power 131.

He studied philosophy first at Leningrad University and then at Kyiv University, and in 1970 he graduated from the psychology section of the Faculty of Philosophy of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University 2916. In the biography on his own website (2004), Leonid Fokovych wrote that psychology had fascinated him from his first years of study and that he attended lectures by well-known psychologists at both universities, in Leningrad and in Kyiv 9.

Leningrad was also the scene of an encounter he later recalled with humor. He first read the ideas of Lipót Szondi, “alien to Marxist psychology”, in the restricted special collection of the Saltykov-Shchedrin Public Library in Leningrad. That was the name for the closed department that kept books not intended for the general reader “for one reason or another, most often ideological” 23. The episode shows well the conditions in which the generation that brought psychodiagnostics back into Soviet, and later Ukrainian, science was formed.

After graduating, Leonid Fokovych was invited to stay on at the psychology section as a lecturer 9. From 1970 he worked at Kyiv University for the rest of his life 56.

First works: projective methods and collaboration with Vadym Bleikher

Leonid Fokovych's first scientific papers were co-authored with Vadym Moiseiovych Bleikher, a psychiatrist and Doctor of Medical Sciences who from 1968 headed the clinical psychology laboratory of the I. P. Pavlov Kyiv Psychoneurological Hospital and for several years taught clinical psychology at Kyiv University. In the “Dictionary of Psychodiagnostics” L. F. Burlachuk describes Bleikher as one of the first to bring psychological tests back into Ukrainian clinical practice in the early 1970s 16. Their joint works of 1971–1972 dealt with the pathopsychological study of personality in patients with epilepsy and with theories of projective tests in foreign psychology. They were published in Tbilisi, in Leningrad and in the S. S. Korsakov Journal of Neuropathology and Psychiatry 11d.

From the very beginning his subject was projective methods. In 1972 the Kyiv University Bulletin published his article on the psychological diagnosis of individual characteristics by projective methods. In 1973 came a paper on theories of projective techniques, and in 1974 conference theses on projection as a principle for constructing methods of personality research 11d.

PhD dissertation: the Rorschach method in the clinic

The work was carried out under the supervision of Vadym Moiseiovych Bleikher at the I. P. Pavlov Kyiv Psychoneurological Hospital; at the defense V. M. Bleikher spoke as the supervisor (according to the recollections of his student V. O. Khudyk) 24. The dissertation itself is dated 1973 (Kyiv), and its author's abstract was printed in 1974 at the V. M. Bekhterev Institute (Leningrad) 25. Leonid Fokovych also worked at the Department of Social and Educational Psychology of Kyiv University, then headed by Liudmyla Yosypivna Marysova (1917–2015).

Leonid Fokovych defended his Candidate of Sciences (PhD) dissertation, “Characteristics of Perceptual Activity in Patients with Epilepsy and Schizophrenia under Weakly Structured Visual Stimulation” (Russian: «Особенности перцептивной деятельности больных эпилепсией и шизофренией при слабоструктурности зрительной стимуляции»), in his native city, at the V. M. Bekhterev Leningrad Psychoneurological Research Institute; his supervisor was V. M. Bleikher 243839. It was a study of patients with epilepsy and schizophrenia using the Rorschach method 9. The year of the defense is 1975: this is the date given in the Great Russian Encyclopedia, in the anniversary article in the journal Voprosy Psikhologii (2007) and in his own 2004 biography 93839. The author's abstract was printed in 1974, which is why some sources (Wikipedia, Psikhologicheskaya Gazeta) give 1974 2825.

So began the work to which he remained faithful all his life. Wikipedia and the Great Russian Encyclopedia name L. F. Burlachuk among the first in the USSR to apply projective methods, in particular Hermann Rorschach's inkblots, to the study of patients' personality 234.

Assistant lecturer and associate professor: the 1970s and 1980s

In the 1970s and 1980s Leonid Fokovych worked as an assistant lecturer and later as an associate professor at the Department of Social and Educational Psychology of Kyiv University 156. The department began training students in medical psychology in 1973: every year five or six students chose this specialization 11a12.

These years saw the publication of books that opened up psychodiagnostics to Soviet psychologists:

1978 — “Psychodiagnostics of Intelligence and Personality”, co-authored with V. M. Bleikher (Kyiv: Vyshcha Shkola, 143 pp.) 11d16. The “Dictionary of Psychodiagnostics” calls it the first monograph on psychodiagnostics in the USSR 16. In the preface to the textbook “Psychodiagnostics” the author himself dates the book to 1979 17. The same discrepancy is found in bibliographies.
1979 — “Personality Research in Clinical Psychology (Based on the Rorschach Method)” (175 pp.), his first monograph on the Rorschach method 11d17.

He was glad to write for the general reader and for reference works. His entries on projective methods, the Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test were included in the “Concise Psychological Dictionary” (1976) and the “Psychological Dictionary” (1982). For the Znanie society he wrote booklets on psychodiagnostic methods for studying personality (1982) and intelligence (1985). For the “Philosophical Dictionary” (1986) he prepared entries on perception, psychodrama and psychosomatics 11d.

Even in the Soviet years L. F. Burlachuk published abroad. In 1978 his German-language article “Psychoanalysis and the Problem of Using Projective Methods in Marxist Psychology” appeared in Leipzig, and in 1984 a report on the use of projective methods in the USSR appeared in a publication of the Society of Psychologists of the GDR. In the same year, 1984, his theses on the projective approach in Soviet psychology were included in the proceedings of the XI International Congress of Rorschach and Projective Methods in Barcelona. In 1985 his article “The Projective Method of Personality Research: Achievements and Problems” was published in Spanish in Havana 11d. In 1987 he published the article “Hermann Rorschach and the Projective Approach to Personality Research in Soviet Psychology” 11d17.

Doctoral dissertation and “Psychodiagnostics of Personality”

Two decades of work culminated in his Doctor of Sciences dissertation, “Psychodiagnostics: Conceptual Apparatus and Research Methods” (Russian: «Психодиагностика: понятийный аппарат и методы исследования»), defended in 1990 at Kyiv University 3839. In 1989 the Zdorovya publishing house issued his monograph “Psychodiagnostics of Personality” (168 pp.) 11d17. He received the degree of Doctor of Psychology in 1990 and the academic title of professor in 1992 116. Some sources give the title of the doctoral dissertation as “Psychodiagnostics of Personality: Conceptual Apparatus and Research Methods” and date it to 1989 28.

A quarter of a century later, in 2017, the text “Psychodiagnostics of Personality: Conceptual Apparatus and Research Methods” was published in Ukrainian in the journal Psychology and Society (No. 4). It is a historical-psychological study of methods for measuring individual differences within three approaches: objective (intelligence tests), subjective (personality questionnaires) and projective 18.

From 1989 the psychology section of Kyiv University hosted a specialized academic council entitled to award Candidate and Doctor of Sciences degrees in general psychology and history of psychology, medical psychology, and occupational and engineering psychology. It was chaired by Professor L. F. Burlachuk 11a11b. According to Wikipedia, he chaired the council until 2005 2.

The Department of Psychodiagnostics and Medical Psychology (1992)

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk. Official portrait, 1990s. — Official portrait, 1990s. Photo: Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine

In 1990 the psychology section moved from the Faculty of Philosophy to the newly created Faculty of Sociology and Psychology 11a13. In 1990/1991–1992 Leonid Fokovych headed the Department of Social and Educational Psychology 129.

In September 1992, on his initiative, Kyiv University established the Department of Psychodiagnostics and Medical Psychology 11b1216. The aim was to strengthen and improve the medical-psychological education of students. The new department was joined by lecturers who had previously taught this specialization at the Department of Social and Educational Psychology, as well as by invited practitioners 11b11c. Wikipedia names Vadym Bleikher as a co-founder of the department 23. Leonid Fokovych headed the department from its creation 511c12.

What the department was like in the early 2000s can be seen from its archived website 11:

every year it trained 12–20 psychologists specializing in medical (clinical) psychology. There was a postgraduate program: 4–6 PhD students were admitted each year, and in 2003 there were 25 of them. A program for Doctor of Sciences candidates opened in 1993 11b11c;
the department taught courses in psychodiagnostics, clinical psychology, pathopsychology, personality psychology, psychology of aging, projective techniques, psychology of time, psychopharmacology, foundations of sexology, theories of psychotherapy, individual counseling, psychotherapeutic practice, and foundations of neurology and psychiatry 11e;
its lecturers over the years included Professor H. Dziub, Doctor of Medical Sciences; Candidates of Sciences I. Hrabska, S. Didenko, S. Morozov, O. Korniienko, E. Krainykov, T. Kudrina and S. Vaskovska; and doctoral researchers O. Bohucharova and O. Polunin 11f;
its main research areas were the projective approach to personality research, the development of new projective techniques (including the “Psychological Autobiography” method), the theory of “measured individuality” and a new approach to the psychology of time. The department also studied the medical and psychological consequences of the Chornobyl disaster and of the AIDS epidemic, psychological problems in the army, children's fears, learning difficulties, the rehabilitation of psychiatric patients and the prevention of psychosomatic diseases 11c.

Leonid Fokovych also worked at the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences: from 1991 he was the scientific head of a research group on psychodiagnostics at the Research Institute of Psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine 9. The Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine names him a chief researcher of the institute 1. From 1993 he chaired the Scientific and Methodological Commission on Psychology of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine 12, and in 1991–2005 the specialized academic council for doctoral and candidate dissertations at Kyiv University 2. According to his family, in those years he travelled widely across Ukraine assessing how universities trained psychologists. This is why he is still remembered at psychology departments in many cities.

In 2008 the department was renamed the Department of Psychodiagnostics and Clinical Psychology 122. According to a 2019 publication, he was still its head 14. We have not established the year in which he handed over the department. In 2010–2012 Leonid Fokovych was Dean of the Faculty of Psychology of Kyiv University 539. Today the department is headed by Professor Liudmyla Krupelnytska 12.

European projects: how clinical psychology to European standards came to Kyiv

The department's most important international undertaking in the 1990s was the European Union's TEMPUS-TACIS project. A preparatory stage (Pre-JEP) ran in 1995–1996, followed from 1997 to June 2000 by a full Joint European Project, “Ukraine: Curriculum Development in Psychology with Special Emphasis on Professional Training in Clinical Psychology and Child Care” 11g. The department's partners were:

the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of Ghent University (Belgium), coordinator Professor Paulette Van Oost;
the Faculty of Social Sciences of Leiden University (the Netherlands), coordinator Professor Ina van Berckelaer-Onnes;
the Institute of Psychiatry in London (United Kingdom), coordinator Professor William Yule 11g.

Leonid Fokovych was the project's coordinator on the Ukrainian side 9. All of the department's lecturers completed internships at the partner universities 11g, and the courses were rebuilt following the curricula of EU universities. This is how Kyiv University began training students in clinical psychology 911c. Sources give the years of the project differently: 1995–2000 (Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine), 1996–2000 (his biography), 1997–2000 (the department's website). The reason is that the preparatory stage and the main project were separate.

From 1999 the department took part in the INTAS project “Ethical Conflicts in Medicine: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Norms, Attitudes and Subjective Evaluations” together with the universities of Leiden, Tbilisi and Innsbruck. The Ukrainian research group was led by L. F. Burlachuk 911g. Research carried out within INTAS projects by scholars from Ukraine, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Russia, Armenia, Georgia and the United States resulted in a volume on psychological and social change in the countries of Eastern Europe after the collapse of the USSR 11h. In the list of his works it appears as “Focus Eastern Europe” (Innsbruck, 2001) 4.

The department had close ties with Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Every year lecturers from the Kyiv psychology departments went there for internships thanks to Professor Werner Schubö 11g. In the preface to the third edition of the “Dictionary of Psychodiagnostics”, Leonid Fokovych specially thanks Schubö and Professor Peter Nathan (Iowa, USA), “who created all the conditions for work” in the libraries and departments of their universities 16.

He spoke at the IV European Congress of Psychology in Athens (1995) with papers on the theory of measured individuality and on the psychology of time. At the VII European Conference on Developmental Psychology in Kraków (1995) he presented research with the Tree Test and on personality development under conditions of ecological crisis 11d. At the 9th European Conference on Personality (University of Surrey, 1998) he gave a paper on the natural-science paradigm in personality assessment 11i.

Books from which generations learned

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk. Portrait, late 2000s. — Portrait, late 2000s. Photo: the journal Psykholohichna Ekspertyza

“Dictionary of Psychological Diagnostics” (1989, 1999, 2007). Leonid Fokovych prepared the first edition (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1989, about 200 pp.) together with his department colleague Serhii Maratovych Morozov 11d17. The second, the “Dictionary of Psychodiagnostics” (St Petersburg: Piter-Kom, 1999, 528 pp.), contained about 400 entries on tests, terms and statistical methods of psychodiagnostics. Its appendices included biographies of well-known scientists, standards of professional ethics, requirements for the professional competence of psychologists working in assessment, statistical tables and a list of psychological test publishers 1011h. S. M. Morozov died in 2002 16, and the third, revised and enlarged edition appeared in 2007 in Piter's “Masters of Psychology” series (688 pp.) under L. F. Burlachuk's name alone. It contains considerably more descriptions of instruments, as well as methods of positive psychological assessment and biographical entries on the scientists who developed psychodiagnostics 16. The Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine, Wikipedia and the KNU obituaries call this dictionary his best-known work 236.

The third edition opens with a dedication: “To the bright memory of my wife Larysa” 16.

“Psychodiagnostics” (2002). In the preface, dated “Kyiv, 2002”, Leonid Fokovych called this book the first textbook of psychodiagnostics “in the post-Soviet space” 17. It was published in Piter's “Textbook of the New Century” series (St Petersburg, 2002, 352 pp.) with the approval of the Council on Psychology of the Educational and Methodological Association for Classical University Education 1722. The textbook takes the reader from the prehistory of psychodiagnostics (Galton, Cattell, Binet, Spearman) through the “crisis” of the 1930s and the developments of each decade of the 20th century to the psychometric foundations of test construction, the measurement of intelligence, personality questionnaires and projective techniques 17. The author deliberately did not describe individual tests and instead referred the reader to the “Dictionary”. He also admitted that he could not avoid polemics, because “the process of the final formation of psychodiagnostics as an independent field of psychological knowledge cannot yet be considered complete” 17. The textbook was reprinted in 2006 (351 pp.) and appeared in a second edition (2007/2008) 417. It is still on the reading lists of Ukrainian universities 22.

“Introduction to Projective Psychology” (Kyiv: Nika-Tsentr, 1997, 128 pp.). A monograph on the prehistory and history of projective techniques, the phenomenon of projection, the role of the stimulus, the theoretical foundations of the projective approach and its connection with the idea of the unconscious. It ends with a guide to projective techniques 10.

“Psychology of Life Situations” (with E. Yu. Korzhova; Moscow: Russian Pedagogical Agency, 1998, 263 pp.). A book about the situations people find themselves in over the course of their lives: a classification of behavioral strategies and a new technique for diagnosing life situations 10.

“Foundations of Psychotherapy” (with I. A. Hrabska and O. S. Kocharian; Kyiv – Moscow: Nika-Tsentr, 1999, 320 pp.). A manual on the main schools of modern psychotherapy: psychodynamic therapy, the Adlerian and Jungian models, psychodrama, Rogerian therapy, Gestalt therapy, cognitive therapy, bioenergetic analysis and psychological counseling. The authors thank Paulette Van Oost and Professor Henri Willemaers for the psychotherapy trainings they held at Kyiv University within TEMPUS 10. It was followed by the textbook “Psychotherapy: Psychological Models” (with O. S. Kocharian and M. Ye. Zhydko; St Petersburg: Piter, 2003; reprinted 2007, 2009, 2012) 24.

Leonid Fokovych also made sure that classic Western handbooks appeared in translation. He was the scientific editor of the Russian translation of Paul Kline's “Handbook of Test Construction” (Kyiv: PAN Ltd, 1994) and of Leopold Bellak's manual for the Children's Apperception Test (CAT, 1995) 11d17.

In total, encyclopedias and obituaries speak of more than 200 scientific works 1516, Psikhologicheskaya Gazeta of more than 220 8, and the journal Psykholohichna Ekspertyza of more than 260 7.

Validated tests: adaptations made at the department

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk and Vitalii Shapovalov at a seminar on the Thematic Apperception Test — At a seminar on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); on the right, Vitalii Shapovalov. Photo: Burlachuk family archive

Leonid Fokovych sharply criticized “dilettantism in psychological diagnostics”; that was the title of his 1993 article in Voprosy Psikhologii 11d17. He believed that a test without verified reliability, validity and norms for its own population measures nothing. So the department under his leadership tested and adapted well-known instruments and published the results with figures, including when they were unflattering for popular tests.

The Big Five questionnaire (Big Five Locator). L. F. Burlachuk and D. K. Korolov translated a short instrument for assessing the five personality factors into Ukrainian and Russian and adapted it, with standardization samples of 124 and 181 people. They obtained data on test–retest reliability, parallel-form reliability and internal consistency, correlations with the Eysenck (EPI) and Cattell (16PF) questionnaires, and normative scores (Voprosy Psikhologii, 2000, No. 1, pp. 126–134) 11h1617. The translation was made by three independent translators, so that the text would stay close to the original and at the same time sound natural in our culture 16.
Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). L. F. Burlachuk and V. M. Dukhnevych studied the internal consistency of the Form A scales. Several scales turned out to be heterogeneous, probably because the content of the items had been distorted in translation (Psikhologicheskii Zhurnal, 2000, vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 82–86) 11h1617.
The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30 and GHQ-60). In the summer of 1999, 528 conscripts from all regions of the country were examined in a training division of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine, and both forms were factor-analyzed (Burlachuk, Dukhnevych, 1999, 2005) 16.
The Schmieschek accentuation questionnaire. A psychometric study of the instrument and normative data for a student sample (Burlachuk, Dukhnevych, 1998, “Personality Accentuations: What Do We Diagnose?”) 1617.
The Tree Test (Baum-Test). Studies of adolescent personality (Burlachuk, Morozov, Muzychko, 1993; Burlachuk, Morozov, 1995) 11d.

Leonid Fokovych carried this approach into a field that was new for Ukraine: official licensing and adaptation of tests with the consent of the rights holders. According to Wikipedia, in 2008 he co-founded the first Ukrainian publisher of psychological tests 2. According to the register of test instruments on VPA's old website, the Thematic Apperception Test (2009, Harvard University Press), MMPI-2 (University of Minnesota Press) and other instruments were published in Ukraine in those years 20.

The Ukrainian adaptation of MMPI-2 was a major undertaking in its own right. In November 2013 VPA and the KNU Department of Psychodiagnostics and Clinical Psychology asked the Kyiv City Employment Center to help collect normative data. In the letter signed by L. F. Burlachuk the project is called “the first in the CIS” [19-letters]. Later VPA letters report that the Ukrainian version of MMPI-2 was published in 2014 and that the adaptation was carried out under the supervision of the test's authors at the University of Minnesota [19-letters]. VPA's old website gives 2015 as the year of publication in Ukraine 20.

Rorschach: his life's work

The Rorschach method accompanied Leonid Fokovych from his PhD dissertation to his last years. With E. Yu. Korzhova he wrote about the projective approach in Soviet psychology for the international yearbook Rorschachiana (1994) 11d. In Voprosy Psikhologii (1991) they told Soviet readers about the international congresses of Rorschach and projective methods 11d17. From 1995 L. F. Burlachuk was a member of the international committee of the journal Psychologie Clinique et Projective, published by the Société du Rorschach et des méthodes projectives de langue française (Paris) 9.

He not only wrote about the Rorschach method but also taught it. According to the register of users on VPA's old website, in 2008–2014 the Rorschach trainers were L. F. Burlachuk and M. V. Nesterenko. User certificates (series “R”) were awarded to 68 psychologists from Kyiv, Vinnytsia, Poltava, Uzhhorod, Mykolaiv, Lutsk, Cherkasy, Odesa, Khmelnytskyi, Ternopil and other cities 20.

Elena Yurievna Korzhova, now a Doctor of Psychology, in her recollections after his death called Leonid Fokovych her “first and main teacher in psychology”. She recalled that it was he who opened up for her projective methods and the Rorschach test, “a very complex inkblot technique”, and she remembered his brilliant lectures and his meticulous attention to a student's research methodology and scientific writing 8.

Nina Rausch de Traubenberg: the French Rorschach school

Among Leonid Fokovych's colleagues abroad, a special place belonged to Nina Konstantinovna Rausch de Traubenberg (1920–2013), one of the best-known Rorschach experts in Europe. She was born in 1920 into a family of Russian émigrés making their way to the West. Her obituary says she was born in Finland 26, while in a 2012 interview she herself named Poland 27. She spent her childhood in Prague among the Russian emigration; the family then lived in Bulgaria, and later she moved to France 2627. She received French citizenship in 1947. From 1967 she taught clinical psychology at the Paris Institute of Psychology (René Descartes University – Paris V) 26.

In 1970 her book La pratique du Rorschach was published. Presses Universitaires de France reissued it nine times, and for many generations of European psychologists it became the main manual 26. Nina Rausch de Traubenberg headed the Société du Rorschach et des méthodes projectives de langue française and later became its honorary president. For several years she was director of publication of its bulletin and of the journal Psychologie Clinique et Projective. In 1987 she was elected President of the International Rorschach Society and was later re-elected for a second term. In 1990 she hosted the XIII International Rorschach Congress in Paris, attended by more than 600 participants 26. She died on 7 April 2013 in Paris 26.

Their paths also crossed in print. In 1991 L. F. Burlachuk and E. Yu. Korzhova wrote a review of the latest international Rorschach congresses for Voprosy Psikhologii, including the 1990 Paris congress. In it they also described her paper (her surname was then rendered in Russian as “N. Rosh de Trobaber”). The authors also noted that Soviet psychologists had “traditionally” not attended these congresses 29. From 1995 Leonid Fokovych was a member of the international committee of Psychologie Clinique et Projective 9. In 2005 a Russian translation of her manual appeared in Moscow as “The Rorschach Test: A Practical Guide” 28. Burlachuk included it in the recommended reading of his “Dictionary of Psychodiagnostics” 16. His name does not appear in the imprint of the translation: it was translated by O. Platonova and edited by O. V. Shaposhnikova 28.

According to his family, Leonid Fokovych and Nina Konstantinovna shared a long professional friendship, and the link between the Kyiv school and the French Rorschach school rested on this personal friendship. We have not yet found documents on joint seminars, mutual visits or joint publications in the sources available to us. We will be grateful to colleagues who remember these meetings or keep letters and photographs.

Teacher and scientific school

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk and Vitalii Klymchuk at the PSYCON-2010 conference — With psychologist Vitalii Klymchuk, PSYCON-2010

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk and Liudmyla Batalina at the PSYCON-2010 conference — At PSYCON-2010; on the right, Liudmyla Batalina, PhD in Psychology, clinical psychologist and psychotherapist

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk with Nodar Sarjveladze and colleagues from Ukraine at the PSYCON-2010 conference — With colleagues from Georgia and Ukraine, including Nodar Sarjveladze, PSYCON-2010

Photos: Burlachuk family archive

In 1995 Leonid Fokovych founded the scientific school “Psychodiagnostics. Psychotherapy. Medical Psychology” 56. Sources differ on the number of dissertations defended under his supervision. According to the KNU obituaries, he trained 40 Candidates of Sciences and was a consultant to 5 Doctors of Sciences 56. Psikhologicheskaya Gazeta, the 2007 anniversary article in Voprosy Psikhologii and the Great Russian Encyclopedia give 37 candidate and 4 doctoral dissertations 83839, and the journal Psykholohichna Ekspertyza gives 38 candidate and 9 doctoral dissertations 7. He published more than 220 scientific works 39.

Among his co-authors and students whose names are confirmed by publications are E. Yu. Korzhova (the theory of “measured individuality”, the psychology of life situations, the “Psychological Autobiography” method), V. M. Dukhnevych (adaptations of the 16PF, the GHQ and the Schmieschek questionnaire), D. K. Korolov (adaptation of the Big Five), S. M. Morozov (the Dictionary, the Tree Test), O. Polunin (psychology of time), O. P. Savchenko (personality questionnaires, psychodiagnostics in social services), I. A. Hrabska and O. S. Kocharian (psychotherapy), and S. Stanislavskyi (the concept of the “diagnostic volume of individuality”, 2003) 11d161722. In 2015 he signed a certificate confirming that the results of the PhD dissertation of the department's doctoral student O. O. Orel had been implemented in VPA's training programs [19-letters].

In his own words in the preface to the textbook, for many years he taught the general course in psychodiagnostics and special courses on its particular problems at universities in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. In the same preface he thanks the “numerous students, postgraduates and course participants” whose questions, objections and even bewilderment helped him write the book 17. According to his family, in the last decade of his career he often travelled to Kazakhstan to teach. Two courses he gave there as President of VPA are documented: in December 2013 he taught the course “Psychodiagnostics of Personality” (42 academic hours), and in April 2014 the course “Psychodiagnostics of Personality in Clinical Research” (20 hours) 19. In 2021, in a letter he signed, VPA invited doctoral students of the Academician A. Kuatbekov Peoples' Friendship University (Kazakhstan) to a remote research internship [19-letters].

The PSYCON conference. In 2009 Kyiv hosted PSYCON, Ukraine's first interdisciplinary conference bringing together psychotherapy and psychodiagnostics; it was held annually until 2012, after which the project moved online 35. Leonid Fokovych was its honorary organizer (according to his family). Today PSYCON is an online learning platform for psychologists, developed by his son Oleg Burlachuk and psychologist and psychotherapist Olha Korolyk 35.

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk speaking at the PSYCON-2009 conference — Speaking at PSYCON-2009, December 2009

Leonid Burlachuk, Mariia Makukha, Jacopo Tarantino and Oleg Burlachuk at the PSYCON-2009 conference — At PSYCON-2009, left to right: Leonid Burlachuk, psychotherapist Mariia Makukha, Jacopo Tarantino (director of Hogrefe Italia), Oleg Burlachuk

Photos: Burlachuk family archive

The All-Ukrainian Psychodiagnostic Association (2013–2022)

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk opening VPA's first, founding conference, 16 September 2016. — Opening VPA's first, founding conference, 16 September 2016. Photo: VPA

The idea and the founding. The founders' meeting of the NGO “All-Ukrainian Psychodiagnostic Association” took place on 17 June 2013 19. One of the first texts written for its website describes the association as follows: it was created on the initiative of psychologists who develop and adapt psychological tests, and its members are united by the goal of developing Ukrainian psychodiagnostics as one of the most important areas of applied psychology 19. Leonid Fokovych was its President and its representative on the Test Committee; his son Oleg Burlachuk was its Secretary 19. VPA's stated tasks included supporting the development of Ukrainian tests, protecting developers' copyright, developing standards and ethical norms for test use, professional development of psychologists, creating psychometric laboratories at universities, and ending the practice of using invalid, unstandardized instruments 19.

First steps. In November 2013 L. F. Burlachuk signed VPA's application for membership of the International Test Commission (ITC). In 2014 the association received a certificate of affiliate membership of the ITC signed by the Commission's President, Professor Fanny M. Cheung 19. In VPA's Ukrainian documents this status was usually called “associate membership” [19-letters]. Separately, Wikipedia reports that L. F. Burlachuk had been personally a member of the ITC since 1995 23. The first VPA Conference was convened on 30 January 2014. It approved the Presidium, established the Test Committee and the Supervisory Board, and adopted standards of access to tests 19. The Supervisory Board included, among others, Professor D. A. Leontiev (Moscow) [19-letters]. As early as the autumn of 2013, VPA together with the educational project PSYCON.UA raised UAH 81,400 and donated two sets of the ADOS autism diagnostic instrument to a Kyiv rehabilitation center for children and young people and to the Chernihiv Regional Psychoneurological Hospital 19.

Standards and registers. VPA introduced voluntary certification of test instruments, test providers and test users, as well as registers of certified specialists. Only psychologists could be certified 1920. At the end of 2018 the association had 40 full members and more than 900 certified test users 19.

Selection for the police and state bodies. VPA's most visible public work was its participation in the psychological selection of candidates for new state institutions. According to VPA's report, in 2014–2015 a group of 75 certified specialists assessed more than 38,000 candidates for the patrol police. Members and volunteers of the association tested and interviewed candidates for the KORD special police unit, the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office and the National Anti-Corruption Bureau. The report also mentions the assessment of candidates for the Supreme Court and for local courts, the quality of which was highly praised by representatives of the European Commission 19. Over Leonid Fokovych's signature VPA issued guidance for selection commissions: how to read an MMPI-2 report, why a test is only an auxiliary source and the conclusion is made by the psychologist, and why video broadcasting of interviews with candidates violates confidentiality and devalues the data (2015) [19-letters].

Appeals to ministries. Leonid Fokovych wrote to state bodies demanding a revision of outdated lists of instruments. In 2014 VPA wrote to the Ministry of Justice about the Register of forensic examination methods and the list of instruments for examining applicants. In 2015 the association wrote to the Ministry of Internal Affairs about the tests used by military medical commissions, and in 2016 to the Ministry of Defence about instruments for re-attestation, as well as to the Academy of the State Penitentiary Service [19-letters]. The arguments in the letters were consistent: the Cattell questionnaire, the Lüscher test and “modifications” of MMPI such as SMIL and Mini-Mult were circulating without adaptation, without reliability data and in breach of copyright, whereas modern instruments require norms, validity and trained users [19-letters]. In 2014 VPA signed a memorandum of cooperation with the Ukrainian Bar Association on the use of psychodiagnostics in court practice 19.

Medicine. VPA specialists were members of the Ministry of Health's multidisciplinary working groups that in 2013–2014 developed clinical guidelines and protocols on autism, schizophrenia and recurrent depressive disorders. Recommendations on diagnostic instruments for the “Schizophrenia” protocol (31.10.2013) were prepared by Professor L. F. Burlachuk and O. O. Orel 19. VPA's November 2014 letter to the First Deputy Minister of Health raised a simple problem that is still relevant today: state hospitals had no budget line for buying licensed instruments, even when a protocol expressly provided for them [19-letters].

Training. As early as 2011 the KNU Faculty of Psychology developed a program for a six-month course, “Practical Psychodiagnostics and Psychological Expert Assessment”. It covered the history of psychodiagnostics, test construction and adaptation, copyright, ethics, MMPI-2, intelligence tests and projective techniques 19. Under VPA's auspices there were seminars on the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ADOS, ADI-R, November 2014), a round table on standards of professional practice at the All-Ukrainian Forum of Practical Psychologists (November 2014), and Professor Otto Kernberg's seminar “Severe Personality Disorders: Strategies of Psychotherapy” (Kyiv, September 2015) [19-letters].

Conferences and the National Psychological Association. VPA's first conference took place on 16–17 September 2016, and its second on 12 October 2018 19. In its 2016 resolution VPA appealed to all psychological organizations of Ukraine with a proposed “roadmap” for creating an umbrella National Psychological Association 19. Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk became the first President of the National Psychological Association of Ukraine (2017–2020) 5615. The association he was the first to lead now has more than 3,400 members and 21 partner associations, and is a member of EFPA 15.

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk giving a paper at VPA's second conference, 2018 — Giving a paper at VPA's second conference, 2018

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk on the conference presidium, 2018 — On the conference presidium, 2018

Photos: VPA

He led VPA until the end of his life 819.

The 2016 lecture

In 2016 Leonid Fokovych recorded a lecture, “The Formation of Psychodiagnostics in the USSR and Independent Ukraine”, for the conference “Lviv Psychiatric Meetings 2016”. The recording has survived, and VPA has published it with Ukrainian subtitles 21. In twenty minutes he tells a story he lived through himself. The 1936 decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) “On Pedological Perversions in the System of the People's Commissariats of Education” banned tests for three decades. Psychodiagnostics cautiously returned at the end of the 1960s through the clinic. The 1980s were an “assimilative” period, when Western tests were borrowed without an understanding of validity and norms. Only in recent years have licensed instruments and professional test publishers appeared in Ukraine 21.

In his own words

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk at VPA's first conference, 2016 — At VPA's first conference, September 2016. Photo: VPA

“We do not just offer tests, we offer training in these tests. You cannot learn everything at university.” — lecture “The Formation of Psychodiagnostics in the USSR and Independent Ukraine”, 2016, 00:19:05 21

“Psychological tests should be understood not as some additional instrument… but as the main instrument on the basis of which the relevant conclusions should be drawn.” — ibid., 00:17:14 21

“A psychology that disdains common sense in the name of a misunderstood scientism may pass these observations by. But there is hope that the time of such psychology is over.” — from L. F. Burlachuk's article on the Szondi test, “Chto v obraze tebe moem…” 23

The quotations are given in our translation.

Awards and honors

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk at a meeting of the Academic Council of Kyiv University, 25 May 2017. — At a meeting of the Academic Council of Kyiv University, 25 May 2017. Photo: KNU Faculty of Psychology

Doctor of Psychology (1990), professor (1992) 116.
Corresponding member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine (September 1992); full member (academician) of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine (2010) 129.
Full member of the International Academy of Acmeological Sciences (1993), member of the New York Academy of Sciences (1995), member of the International Test Commission (ITC, from 1995) 91639.
Chair of the Scientific and Methodological Commission on Psychology of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (1993–2008) 139.
Member of the editorial boards of Ukrainian and foreign periodicals, including Zhurnal Praktikuyushchego Psikhologa (Ukraine), Psychosomatic Medicine (Bulgaria) and Psychologie Clinique et Projective (France). According to Wikipedia, he sat on the editorial boards of ten Ukrainian and four foreign periodicals 2916.
Certificate of Honor of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Medals of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine: “K. D. Ushynsky”, “Hryhorii Skovoroda” and “Volodymyr Monomakh” 24.
His biography was included in international reference works: the International Directory of Psychologists of the International Union of Psychological Science (4th ed., 1985), Marquis Who's Who in the World (1998–2007 editions) and the Dictionary of International Biography (Cambridge, 1999); a biographical article about him appeared in the European Review of Applied Psychology (1996, vol. 46, No. 1) 11c36.
In the American Psychological Association's Encyclopedia of Psychology (ed. A. E. Kazdin, 2000, vol. 7), the entry on psychology in Russia and the former USSR names H. S. Kostiuk, V. A. Romenets and L. F. Burlachuk among Ukrainian psychologists, in connection with research on the psychology of intelligence at Kyiv University 37.

Family

Leonid Fokovych's wife, Larysa Hryhorivna Burlachuk (1948–2004), died in her 57th year.

His son, Oleg Leonidovych Burlachuk, in many ways continues his father's work. From VPA's founding in 2013 he was its Secretary 19. He is the originator and founder of the National Psychological Association of Ukraine: he proposed the idea of creating it as early as 2011, and when the association was founded in 2017, Leonid Fokovych became its first President 15. Oleg Burlachuk was for a long time the Secretary of the NPA and in 2024–2026 its President 1532. He is also the founder and director of UA-Test, a psychological test publisher that licenses international psychodiagnostic instruments and adapts them for Ukrainian specialists 33.

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk with his granddaughter, April 2014. — With his granddaughter, April 2014. Photo: Burlachuk family archive

Remembrance

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk at the Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna, May 2017. — At the Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna, May 2017. Photo: Burlachuk family archive

Leonid Fokovych Burlachuk died on 26 November 2022 in Kyiv, at the age of 75, after a long illness 178. He is buried at the Baikove Cemetery in Kyiv.

The Faculty of Psychology and the Communications Center of Kyiv University, the National Academy of Educational Sciences, the journal Psykholohichna Ekspertyza and Psikhologicheskaya Gazeta responded to his death 5678. The University entered his name in its “Book of Memory” and described him as a man who devoted more than forty years of his professional life to the scientific development and theoretical deepening of psychological diagnostics 6.

This website is also part of his legacy. Here you will find:

the “Dictionary of Psychodiagnostics”, in Ukrainian, as an open dictionary of terms alongside the glossary of the European Test Publishers Group;
the textbook “Psychodiagnostics” in an interactive Ukrainian edition with modern notes;
Leonid Fokovych's 2016 lecture with Ukrainian subtitles;
the register of specialists who have completed training in test instruments.

He wanted psychologists to work with tests that can be trusted, and to be taught how to use them. This work continues.

Chronology

Main works

Bibliographic entries are given in the original language, according to the sources indicated in brackets.

Блейхер В. М., Бурлачук Л. Ф. Психодиагностика интеллекта и личности. — Киев: Вища школа, 1978. — 143 с. [11d; dated 1979 in the 2006 textbook]
Бурлачук Л. Ф. Исследование личности в клинической психологии (на основе метода Роршаха). — Киев, 1979. — 175 с. 11d[17; publisher: Zdorovya or Vyshcha Shkola]
Бурлачук Л. Ф. Психодиагностические методы исследования личности. — Киев: Знание, 1982. 11d
Бурлачук Л. Ф. Психодиагностические методы исследования интеллекта. — Киев: Знание, 1985. 11d22
Бурлачук Л. Ф. Герман Роршах и проективный подход к исследованию личности в советской психологии // Проблемы философии. — Киев, 1987. — Вып. 74. — С. 120–125. 11d17
Бурлачук Л. Ф. Психодиагностика личности. — Киев: Здоров'я, 1989. — 168 с. 11d17
Бурлачук Л. Ф., Морозов С. М. Словарь-справочник по психологической диагностике. — Киев: Наукова думка, 1989. — 200 с. 1722
Бурлачук Л. Ф., Коржова Е. Ю. Международные конгрессы по тесту Роршаха и проективным техникам // Вопросы психологии. — 1991. — № 4. — С. 169–173. 17
Бурлачук Л. Ф. О дилетантстве в психологической диагностике // Вопросы психологии. — 1993. — № 5. — С. 116–117. 11d17
Burlatchuk L., Korzhova E. Projective Approach to Personality Study in Soviet Psychology: A Summary of Research // Rorschachiana. — 1994. — Vol. 19. — P. 78–96. 11d
Бурлачук Л. Ф., Коржова Е. Ю. К построению теории «измеренной индивидуальности» в психодиагностике // Вопросы психологии. — 1994. — № 5. — С. 5–11. 17
Бурлачук Л. Ф., Савченко Е. П. Психодиагностика (психодиагностический инструментарий и его применение в условиях социальных служб). — Киев: А.Л.Д., 1995. — 100 с. 22
Бурлачук Л. Ф. Введение в проективную психологию. — Киев: Ника-Центр; Вист-С, 1997. — 128 с. 1017
Бурлачук Л. Ф., Коржова Е. Ю. Психология жизненных ситуаций. — М.: Российское педагогическое агентство, 1998. — 263 с. 10
Бурлачук Л. Ф., Духневич В. Н. Акцентуации личности: что диагностируем? // Вопросы психологии. — 1998. — № 2. — С. 136–143. 17
Бурлачук Л. Ф., Грабская И. А., Кочарян А. С. Основы психотерапии. — Киев; М.: Ника-Центр; Алетейа, 1999. — 320 с. 10
Бурлачук Л. Ф., Морозов С. М. Словарь-справочник по психодиагностике. — СПб.: Питер-Ком, 1999. — 528 с. 1017
Бурлачук Л. Ф., Королев Д. К. Адаптация опросника для диагностики пяти факторов личности // Вопросы психологии. — 2000. — № 1. — С. 126–134. 11h17
Бурлачук Л. Ф., Духневич В. Н. Исследование надежности опросника Р. Кэттелла 16 PF // Психологический журнал. — 2000. — Т. 21, № 5. — С. 82–86. 11h17
Бурлачук Л. Ф. Психодиагностика: учебник для вузов. — СПб.: Питер, 2002. — 352 с. (Серия «Учебник нового века»); перевид. 2006 (351 с.); 2-е изд. 2007/2008. 17224
Бурлачук Л. Ф., Кочарян А. С., Жидко М. Е. Психотерапия: психологические модели. — СПб.: Питер, 2003 (перевид. 2007, 2009, 2012). 24
Бурлачук Л. Ф. Словарь-справочник по психодиагностике. — 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — СПб.: Питер, 2007. — 688 с. (Серия «Мастера психологии»). 16
Бурлачук Л. Ф. Психодіагностика особистості: понятійний апарат та методи дослідження // Психологія і суспільство. — 2017. — № 4. 18

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11g. International cooperation (TEMPUS-TACIS, INTAS, LMU): web.archive.org/web/20021209202031/http://www.lbvs.kiev.ua:80/psydiag/… ; web.archive.org/web/20030915225358/http://www.lbvs.kiev.ua:80/psydiag/… ; web.archive.org/web/20030724092130/http://www.lbvs.kiev.ua:80/psydiag/…
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Translated from the Ukrainian original: «Леонід Фокович Бурлачук (1947–2022): людина, яка навчила нас вимірювати особистість». Corrections and recollections are welcome at the contacts below.